11. The grammatical article

It is possible to note one hundred exceptions to one rule of grammar, if the rule is about the definite article, the. "We use the definite article in front of a noun because there is only one in that context", may ■a resource say, whereas we may come to read, All legislative Powers herein granted shall … Continue reading 11. The grammatical article →

US civics update: the why and how

I keep the John Carter layout because it is very legible: words are divided as to help get around within the text, where you could say the n-dash is "interstate". The civics are worthwhile in themselves, plus they can do great for the grammatical articles and syntax, hence the update: for grammar today. ■More

Appendix 4. Patterns for all Aspects

When we learn, it is good to browse through language forms time and again, only read a few, and think about them with other patterns that come to mind. The presentation here has all the 4 Aspects in the Affirmative, Interrogative, Negative, and Negative Interrogative. ■More

Appendix 2. Irregular verbs, high & low vowels

Most dictionaries list irregular verbs alphabetically, so we do not need to repeat that here. We look to speech sound patterns: they make remembering irregular forms much easier. We may begin with just reading a few verbs at a time. The free PDF has the story entire. ■More

Voluntary practice

The practice has questions and suggested answers about American civics. The answers are not comprehensive; they are more of ideas that could be of use in creative writing. ■The Declaration of Independence 1. "We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that (a) all Men are created equal, that they (b) are endowed by their Creator … Continue reading Voluntary practice →

The Gettysburg Address

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that "all men are created equal". Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We … Continue reading The Gettysburg Address →

USA Great Seal

United States federal authorities have used the Great Seal to authenticate documents since 1782. The obverse of the Seal is the national coat of arms of the United States. It shows the bald eagle holding 13 arrows in its left talon and an olive branch with 13 leaves and 13 olives in its right talon. … Continue reading USA Great Seal →

Emancipation Proclamation

PROCLAMATION 93 I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America, and Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy thereof, do hereby proclaim and declare that hereafter, as heretofore, the war will be prosecuted for the object of practically restoring the constitutional relation between the United States, and each of the States, and the people … Continue reading Emancipation Proclamation →

The bald eagle

Bald eagle with American flag, focus on head (clipping path) The name Haliaeetus leucocephalus, derives from Greek hali, the sea, aiētos, eagle, leuco, white, and cephalos, a head. Literally, the name is the white-headed sea eagle. The name bald eagle correlates with Latin figurative reference for the Greek word leucos, white, as in literary descriptions … Continue reading The bald eagle →

USA anthem

I. O say can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night … Continue reading USA anthem →

USA Flag

Mount Rushmore National Park Monument, South Dakota, U.S.A. USA national flag has thirteen stripes of red alternating with white. The red is at the top and the bottom. In insignia, the white is on the left and right. The 13 stripes represent the 13 original states of the early Union. The blue rectangle with 50 … Continue reading USA Flag →

Amendments to US Constitution

AMENDMENT I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. AMENDMENT II. A well regulated militia being necessary … Continue reading Amendments to US Constitution →

US Constitution

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Section … Continue reading US Constitution →

The Declaration of Independence

WHEN in the Course of human Events, it becomes necessary for one People to dissolve the Political Bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the Earth, the separate and equal Station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent Respect to the … Continue reading The Declaration of Independence →

Absolutely basics about the USA

Source: Wikimedia, Kevin McCoy The governing body of the American democracy is the Congress. It is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives, and works in the Capitol Hill, in the picture above. Many researchers derive democracy from ancient Greece. How does ancient Greece compare with modern America? Ancient Greeks actually developed a proto-democracy: they … Continue reading Absolutely basics about the USA →

US civics

US civics might be even irresistible, if you're looking for a "syntax bonanza". They were written quite some time ago, but this needn't stop us. We have the civics updated, American English as today and present-day spelling, all described in detail for those interested. ■More

Grammar bonus

A color code to help read and learn, and simple questions answered: what a verb is, what language form is; irregular verbs, vowels high and low, back and front; patterns for all Aspects, the Simple, Progressive, Perfect, and Perfect Progressive. ■More

Appendix 1. Verbs and what they do

Verbs tell activities, faculties, or states, as to think, to work, or to be. They may do this in four Aspects, the Simple, Progressive, Perfect, and Perfect Progressive; intransitive or dynamic, in infinitives or participles — where Modals are exception in much, and yet legitimate verbs of a frame. ■More

Grapevine: Word natures

Dis-establishmentarian people would be as the flower power or hippie guys, whose alternative lifestyles involved little or no capability for finance. We are considerate abut our developmental stages, so we have looked around for prospects, and disestablishment is not our choice. . ■More

Grapevine: The way we have worked

Folks, there is always going to be some psychology that people tackle you with. We have seen it so often, that we've come to terms. We only mind if the psychology is something we can like, a Dr. Seuss you know, some essence. ■More

Grapevine: Only real strawberries count

You might hear you go minus or plus infinity about the number of strawberries, but mind you, the Founders stated you couldn’t owe for strawberries that never existed, or so I guess they would have said in case. Grammar can have infinity too. ■More

Grapevine: Granny talks Present Simple

Travel in Grammar obviously is not the only website about grammar, and we may get plenty to read, in books or articles, to manage at school or other language courses. We need to be able to work classic grammar guidance. Let us begin with Oxford Dictionaries for verb tenses. ■→More

Grapevine: Heebeecheeche and other capers

I don't know about anyone to have visited everywhere in person, so I thought there could be folks into our game. ■More

Grapevine: Vaulters and mergers

If you don't make it with a new word and stumble, you act as in a cloud of well familiar bubbles. You do not look around in amazement: you know they are there. ■More

Grapevine: 3 gloves, to that time

It was in the woods Huck heard that strange noise them ghosts make, when they have something on mind they can't make themselves understood about. Except I don’t believe in ghosts, and I am perfectly a living human being, just the same would have happened to me home today. ■More

Grapevine: Four of them things

I've asked Jim if he believes in witches. He says there sure ain’t any in Vermont where he lives 'cause they can't fly in snow storms, so they’d need anoraks and goggles till April. ■→More

Four corners of the world

If we score 3 out of 4, the idea is probably natural for us. We may compare our answers with family, friends, or other people, to see if the results would be consistent. ■More

Bibliography

The language story entire is five books, inclusive of a flexion framework, and about more than two languages. The author has made observations on language as really spoken and written, and all the work is her conscious thought about own cognitive variables. ■More

10.3. Form Relativity practice

The grain of sand did one hour of thinking about composite things a day, and appreciated the activity as emotionally valid. As the 60 minutes were not immaterial, the faculty the grain of sand employed during the time couldn't be immaterial either, it concluded. ■More

10.2. The relative Progressive

Our cognitive variables and frames for grammatical time may complement one another: Modal verbs close their frames with auxiliary HAVE, whereas real-time frames open with the same auxiliary. We remember, cognitive variables and frames are not parameters. ■More

10.1. Grammar Unreal or Real time

No group and no Government can properly prescribe precisely what should constitute the body of knowledge with which true education is concerned. — Franklin Delano Roosevelt | If I had permitted my failures, or what seemed to me at the time a lack of success… ― Calvin Coolidge ■More

Chapter 10. Form relativity galore

If we guess or suppose, Past forms refer to the Present, and Present forms refer to the Future. It is only the anchored Past to remain in the grammatical Past. The matter is similar in many languages: if I was, si j’étais, gdybym był/a, если бы я был/а, wäre ich.
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9.4. Modal Relativity practice

The westerly wind could perceive something indivisible and intermediate about time. Well, there always would be a present moment to be the only present. This only present wouldn't be anywhere else but where we are ourselves, and we always say "here", for such a place.. ■More

9.3. Detail on Modal structures

The natural economy and efficiency of human minds for language continues to show with Modal expression. Ancillary time can be only hypothetical in questions, and it would be theory twice, with Modal Contingency. The language standard avoids forms as "Mustn't you have..." ■More

9.2. Theory time and the Modal Net

Real-time cognitive frames close on time extents. Modal frames close on objects of thought. It must be that theory time is not the same as real time to human minds, and Modal frames will keep the value {IN}, but they will not mark values {TO} or {AT}, those for a span of time. ■More

9.1. Auxiliary HAVE and Modal syntax

Let us now say there shows a theory fruit that has a stalk. Our Modal frame can be open. We might say, the use for the stalk is an open matter, and altogether, when we know it is, we can make some more of a reasonable theory. Not even theoretical physics would go on without data. ■More

Chapter 9. To tell the fashion in valuable time

Modal verbs do not narrate the real time. Their manner is relative to real time, as they mediate between the grammatical Time and Aspect. Their Past forms may tell the probability is lower today, the same as that it was lower yesterday. We develop Modal cognitive frames. ■More

8.2. Practice for all grammatical Aspects

3. The bumblebee had wished for the whole meal opportunity since Friday last. 4. The katydid wanted a new aureate bib, to match his figured bib of old. 7. The butterfly kissed the bee in the midst of her phiz, when he saw the golden grit. 9. Glow worms respected in varicolor, flexing... ■More

8.1. Earthling basic cognitive variable

In thousands of years, people to think what there is {ON} a map, have not denied plausibility for places {IN} areas, routes {TO} places, as well as locations {AT} them. Early childhood learning to walk has gotten along with learning to talk. The pragmatics cannot break a reasonable rule. ■More

Chapter 8. A Progressive and Perfect regard

When the reference for time is singular, the cognitive time frame is closed, and the variable can be {ON} or {IN}. All Perfect tenses make a dual time reference and their time frame is open. The cognitive variables are {TO} or {AT}, to highlight a time span or dynamism. ■More