Author: Teresa Pelka

• Appendix 3.

  This appendix also is for reference. It looks to speech sounds from the back of the mouth to the front. 
A known way to remember irregular verbs is to read a few from time to time, just thinking about their sound patterns. Those are highlighted.

• 11. The grammatical article

  It is possible to note one hundred exceptions to one rule of grammar, if the rule is about the definite article, the. “We use the definite article in front of a noun because there is only one in that context”, may ■a resource say, whereas we may come to read, All legislative Powers herein granted shall…

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  US civics update: the why and how

  I keep the John Carter layout because it is very legible: words are divided as to help get around within the text, where you could say the n-dash is “interstate”. The civics are worthwhile in themselves, plus they can do great for the grammatical articles and syntax, hence the update: for grammar today. ■More

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  Appendix 4. Patterns for all Aspects

  When we learn, it is good to browse through language forms time and again, only read a few, and think about them with other patterns that come to mind. The presentation here has all the 4 Aspects in the Affirmative, Interrogative, Negative, and Negative Interrogative. ■More

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  Appendix 2. Irregular verbs, high & low vowels

  Most dictionaries list irregular verbs alphabetically, so we do not need to repeat that here. We look to speech sound patterns: they make remembering irregular forms much easier. We may begin with just reading a few verbs at a time. The free PDF has the story entire. ■More

• Voluntary practice

  The practice has questions and suggested answers about American civics. The answers are not comprehensive; they are more of ideas that could be of use in creative writing. ■The Declaration of Independence 1. “We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that (a) all Men are created equal, that they (b) are endowed by their Creator…

• The Gettysburg Address

  Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal”. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We…

• USA Great Seal

  United States federal authorities have used the Great Seal to authenticate documents since 1782. The obverse of the Seal is the national coat of arms of the United States. It shows the bald eagle holding 13 arrows in its left talon and an olive branch with 13 leaves and 13 olives in its right talon.…

• Emancipation Proclamation

  PROCLAMATION 93 I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America, and Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy thereof, do hereby proclaim and declare that hereafter, as heretofore, the war will be prosecuted for the object of practically restoring the constitutional relation between the United States, and each of the States, and the people…

• The bald eagle

  The name Haliaeetus leucocephalus, derives from Greek hali, the sea, aiētos, eagle, leuco, white, and cephalos, a head. Literally, the name is the white-headed sea eagle. The name bald eagle correlates with Latin figurative reference for the Greek word leucos, white, as in literary descriptions of “barren, wintry lands”. Bald eagles do not migrate for…

• USA anthem

  I. O say can you see, by the dawn’s early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night…

• USA Flag

  USA national flag has thirteen stripes of red alternating with white. The red is at the top and the bottom. In insignia, the white is on the left and right. The 13 stripes represent the 13 original states of the early Union. The blue rectangle with 50 white five-pointed stars, one for each American state,…

• Amendments to US Constitution

  AMENDMENT I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. AMENDMENT II. A well regulated militia being necessary…

• US Constitution

  We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Section…

• The Declaration of Independence

  WHEN in the Course of human Events, it becomes necessary for one People to dissolve the Political Bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the Earth, the separate and equal Station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent Respect to the…

• Absolutely basics about the USA

  Source: Wikimedia, Kevin McCoy The governing body of the American democracy is the Congress. It is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives, and works in the Capitol Hill, in the picture above. Many researchers derive democracy from ancient Greece. How does ancient Greece compare with modern America? Ancient Greeks actually developed a proto-democracy: they…

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  Grammar bonus

  A color code to help read and learn, and simple questions answered: what a verb is, what language form is; irregular verbs, vowels high and low, back and front; patterns for all Aspects, the Simple, Progressive, Perfect, and Perfect Progressive. ■More

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  Appendix 1. Verbs and what they do

  Verbs tell activities, faculties, or states, as to think, to work, or to be. They may do this in four Aspects, the Simple, Progressive, Perfect, and Perfect Progressive; intransitive or dynamic, in infinitives or participles — where Modals are exception in much, and yet legitimate verbs of a frame. ■More

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  Grapevine: Word natures

  Dis-establishmentarian people would be as the flower power or hippie guys, whose alternative lifestyles involved little or no capability for finance. We are considerate abut our developmental stages, so we have looked around for prospects, and disestablishment is not our choice. . ■More

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  Grapevine: The way we have worked

  Folks, there is always going to be some psychology that people tackle you with. We have seen it so often, that we’ve almost come to terms.

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  Grapevine: Only real strawberries count

  You might hear you go minus or plus infinity about the number of strawberries, but mind you, the Founders stated you couldn’t owe for strawberries that never existed, or so I guess they would have said in case. Grammar can have infinity too. ■More

• Grapevine: Granny talks Present Simple

  Travel in Grammar obviously is not the only website about grammar, and we may get plenty to read, in books or articles, to manage at school or other language courses. We need to be able to work classic grammar guidance. Let us begin with Oxford Dictionaries for verb tenses. ■→More

• Grapevine: Heebeecheeche and other capers

  I don’t know about anyone to have visited everywhere in person, so I thought there could be folks into our game. ■More

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  Grapevine: Vaulters and mergers

  If you don’t make it with a new word and stumble, you act as in a cloud of well familiar bubbles. You do not look around in amazement: you know they are there. ■More

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  Grapevine: 3 gloves, to that time

  It was in the woods Huck heard that strange noise them ghosts make, when they have something on mind they can’t make themselves understood about. Except I don’t believe in ghosts, and I am perfectly a living human being, just the same would have happened to me home today. ■More

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  Grapevine: Four of them things

  I’ve asked Jim if he believes in witches. He says there sure ain’t any in Vermont where he lives ’cause they can’t fly in snow storms, so they’d need anoraks and goggles till April. ■→More

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  Four corners of the world

  If we score 3 out of 4, the idea is likely natural for us.

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  Bibliography

  The language story entire is five books, inclusive of a flexion framework, and about more than two languages. The author has made observations on language as really spoken and written, and all the work is her conscious thought about own cognitive variables. ■More

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  10.3. Form Relativity practice

  The grain of sand did one hour of thinking about composite things a day, and appreciated the activity as emotionally valid. As the 60 minutes were not immaterial, the faculty the grain of sand employed during the time couldn’t be immaterial either, it concluded. ■More

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  10.2. The relative Progressive

  Our cognitive variables and frames for grammatical time may complement one another: Modal verbs close their frames with auxiliary HAVE, whereas real-time frames open with the same auxiliary. We remember, cognitive variables and frames are not parameters. ■More

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  10.1. Grammar Unreal or Real time

  No group and no Government can properly prescribe precisely what should constitute the body of knowledge with which true education is concerned. — Franklin Delano Roosevelt | If I had permitted my failures, or what seemed to me at the time a lack of success… ― Calvin Coolidge ■More

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  Chapter 10. Form relativity galore

  If we guess or suppose, Past forms refer to the Present, and Present forms refer to the Future. It is only the anchored Past to remain in the grammatical Past. The matter is similar in many languages: if I was, si j’étais, gdybym był/a, если бы я был/а, wäre ich. ■More

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  9.4. Modal Relativity practice

  The westerly wind could perceive something indivisible and intermediate about time. Well, there always would be a present moment to be the only present. This only present wouldn’t be anywhere else but where we are ourselves, and we always say “here”, for such a place.. ■More

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  9.3. Detail on Modal structures

  The natural economy and efficiency of human minds for language continues to show with Modal expression. Ancillary time can be only hypothetical in questions, and it would be theory twice, with Modal Contingency. The language standard avoids forms as “Mustn’t you have…” ■More

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  9.2. Theory time and the Modal Net

  Real-time cognitive frames close on time extents. Modal frames close on objects of thought. It must be that theory time is not the same as real time to human minds, and Modal frames will keep the value {IN}, but they will not mark values {TO} or {AT}, those for a span of time. ■More

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  9.1. Auxiliary HAVE and Modal syntax

  Let us now say there shows a theory fruit that has a stalk. Our Modal frame can be open. We might say, the use for the stalk is an open matter, and altogether, when we know it is, we can make some more of a reasonable theory. Not even theoretical physics would go on without…

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  Chapter 9. To tell the fashion in valuable time

  Modal verbs do not narrate the real time. Their manner is relative to real time, as they mediate between the grammatical Time and Aspect. Their Past forms may tell the probability is lower today, the same as that it was lower yesterday. We develop Modal cognitive frames. ■More

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  8.2. Practice for all grammatical Aspects

  3. The bumblebee had wished for the whole meal opportunity since Friday last. 4. The katydid wanted a new aureate bib, to match his figured bib of old. 7. The butterfly kissed the bee in the midst of her phiz, when he saw the golden grit. 9. Glow worms respected in varicolor, flexing… ■More

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  8.1. Earthling basic cognitive variable

  In thousands of years, people to think what there is {ON} a map, have not denied plausibility for places {IN} areas, routes {TO} places, as well as locations {AT} them. Early childhood learning to walk has gotten along with learning to talk. The pragmatics cannot break a reasonable rule. ■More

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  Chapter 8. A Progressive and Perfect regard

  When the reference for time is singular, the cognitive time frame is closed, and the variable can be {ON} or {IN}. All Perfect tenses make a dual time reference and their time frame is open. The cognitive variables are {TO} or {AT}, to highlight a time span or dynamism. ■More

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  7.1. Practce for the heart and mind

  “You seem to be this most daily of creatures”, said the butterfly. The dayfly agreed. “Nothing that has become can be truly eternal anyway, as it had a beginning”, it said. “The forever more is what anybody cares”, the butterfly remarked. “I sure also have become.” ■More

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  Chapter 7. Time in the mind and heart

  Some 200 years ago, there were no words or phrases as spatialization or a cognitive variable, but there were language uses as here: The advice nearest to my heart and deepest in my convictions is that the Union of the States be cherished and perpetuated — President James Madison. ■More

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  6.5. Grammatical target time and frame

  His parents gave up on kindergarten. When Ms. Duncan suggested playing the musical chairs, Art threw in three left hand gloves. One of them belonged to Ms. Duncan. Despite the early predilection for challenge, he chose himself a chairborne job. The chair allowed one person exactly. ■More

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  6.4. More practice: the frame, variable, and form

  2. The hedgehog hid the apples from the bird in a good jar with a lid. 3. The rabbit strew the cashews for the jabiru, and went on making his debut callaloo. 8. The mountain cat usually sat on his mat, to chat with the standpat spat — on habits and repast. ■More

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  6.3. Exercises: the Aspect and the frame

  1. The motmot had completely befallen for a piece of fresh stollen. 2. The skylark found nothing to outbid the bit of cosmos with a squid. 5. The golden frog behind the chilidog overslept and wept. 8. The spotted redshank bachelorette bewailed, and reset her buret for the bouncing bet. ■More

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  6.2. Aspect variable and time frame

  Madame Règle is not a systematic person at all. Her choice on scarves sure depends on some totally unpredictable factor, just as the exact time for lunch, for which you might want to assume the broad time frame of about sixty minutes to commence or not to happen altogether. ■More

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  6.1. Our linguistic gravitation

  Time extents, Present or Past, do not depend on the Aspect, Simple or Perfect. To express own thought well, we need the cognitive ground and time frame. The matter can be easy as with gravitation: when we have the ground, we close the frame. ■More

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  Chapter 6. To choose own path in time

  There are no universal principles to design between the Present Perfect and the Past Simple. We may learn many grammar rules, and yet we are always going to need own resolves in real-time contexts. An idea as a cognitive time frame can prove very helpful and real-time efficient. ■More

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  5.3. Practice: real syntax and more words

  We can tell abbreviated “is” from “has” only by their contexts, as both get shortened to ’s. Abbreviated verb forms are much in use in American English. We learn telling them, continuing the practice with symbolic cues, mapping variables, and target grammatical time, plus a few irregular verbs. ■More

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  5.2. Practice: symbolic cues and real syntax

  We exercise the target grammatical time with symbolic cues, gather language patterns from pieces, and then figure on pieces from symbolic cues. All along, we form the answers in our minds solely: this is where thinking habits take shape, for learning to hold. ■More