3.2. The person ‘you’

In a standard, face-to-face conversation, it is naturally easy to tell if we speak with one or more persons. However, the pronoun you has evolved into the same shape for the singular and the plural. The shape is also the same for a verb object. We may compare phrases as,

I told her, —  She told me.
You told me — I told you.

Let us think about a possible psychological reality, to explain the matter to ourselves at least. To have an idea, we do not need universal understanding or everybody believing the same.

Human comprehension generally is not universal. It is individual. If we look to our core be and have, we may interpret the personal pronoun “you” as more or less — “not me”. To think about human history and civilization, such evolution is likely, quite pragmatic, and good quality reasoning. Everyone is in best understanding with oneself. With other people we talk for consensus.

Be and have differ the most for the singular first and third persons; let us compare I or me against he, she, or it.

The pronoun we may also be used for a personally neutral figure of speech, to avoid speculation on differences between you and me.

Authors conform to this manner quite often. It might feel cumbersome to tell or read,
You need to think about this, or
You need the exercise.
(How could I even know you?)

We could describe the third person singular — he, she, and it — as the singular “not you and not me”. It differs the most from the first, the pronoun I, and this also has had uses in literature.

In everyday life, people would say he or she about us, if not talking with us. Ourselves, we always say me or I, as everyone is own best permanent company.

The third person plural they would be the plural “not you and not me”. It is less marked for difference, as we never literally think about ourselves in the plural. We may only use figures of speech.

The pronoun “they” may work together with the so-called generic “you”, to tell about anyone, everyone or people generally.

If you eat a cookie, you do not have it for later.
If someone eats a cookie, they do not have it for later.

Here, the pronoun they stands for the phrase “he or she”:
If someone eats a cookie, he or she does not have it for later.

Everyday Englishes also have forms as youse, yous, or you’s. Dependent on individual understanding, these forms could be putting the pronoun “you” in the plural, as is regular with nouns, or combining the verb singular feature ―s, to address one person.

Such talk is informal because it “trades” between types of words, pronouns and nouns or verbs.

Such “trade” has already happened in the history of English. The Progressive can be derived from the Middle Ages gerund, as in,
He was on reading.
The word “reading” is nominal here;
it is a gerund, and it answers the question, Who or What?
He was reading.
The word “reading” is here verbal;
it is a participle to answer the question, Doing what?

Feel welcome to the further journey.