Dobrze jest czasem językowe formy poprzeglądać, zobrazować kilka i poobracać w umyśle.
Pomóc mogą gramatyczne materiały wizualne. Pamiętajmy też o kolorowym kodzie i wirtualnych słówkach.
Prezentacja tutaj pokazuje wszystkie cztery Aspekty, Simple, Progressive, Perfect, oraz Perfect Progressive — w formie Afirmatywnej, Interrogatywnej, Przeczącej, oraz Przecząco-Interrogatywnej.
Nie używamy nazwy “forma twierdząca”, gdyż twierdzić się da także w formie przeczącej, a naszą ambicją jest wyrobić sobie nieco logiki:
Twierdzę, nie jest to nieprzyjemność, wyobrazić sobie krajobaz dla gramatyczej formy.
Aspekt Simple
Zmienna kognitywna {ON}
Forma afirmatywna
The Simple Present
I write.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they) write.
He (she, it) writes.
The Simple Past
I wrote.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they) wrote.
He (she, it) wrote.
The Simple Future
I will write.
Forma krótka
I’ll write.
INNE OSOBY:
You (we, they, he, she, it) will write.
Forma krótka
You’ll (we’ll, they’ll, he’ll, she’ll, it’ll) write.
Forma interrogatywna
The Simple Present
Do I write?
INNE OSOBY
Do you (we, they) write?
Does he (she, it) write?
The Simple Past
Did I write?
INNE OSOBY
Did you (we, they, he, she, it) write?
The Simple Future
Will I write?
INNE OSOBY
Will you (we, they, he, she, it) write?
Forma przecząca
The Simple Present
I do not write.
Forma krótka
I don’t write.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they) do not write.
He (she, it) does not write.
Forma krótka
You (we, they) don’t write.
He (she, it) doesn’t write.
The Simple Past
I did not write.
Forma krótka
I didn’t write.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they, he, she, it) did not write.
Forma krótka
You (we, they, he, she, it) didn’t write.
The Simple Future
I will not write.
Forma krótka
I won’t write.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they, he, she, it) will not write.
Forma krótka
You (we, they, he, she, it) won’t write.
Forma przecząco-interrogatywna
The Simple Present
Do I not write?
Forma krótka
Don’t I write?
INNE OSOBY:
Do you (we, they) not write?
Does he (she, it) not write?
Forma krótka
Don’t you (we, they) write?
Doesn’t he (she, it) write?
The Simple Past
Did I not write?
Forma krótka
Didn’t I write?
INNE OSOBY
Did you (we, they, he, she, it) not write?
Forma krótka
Didn’t you (we, they, he, she, it) write?
The Simple Future
Will I not write?
Forma krótka
Won’t I write?
INNE OSOBY:
Will you (we, they, he, she, it) not write?
Forma krótka
Won’t you (we, they, he, she, it) write?
Aspekt Progressive
Zmienna kognitywna {IN}
Forma afirmatywna
The Present Progressive
I am writing.
Forma krótka
I’m writing.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they) are writing.
He (she, it) is writing.
Forma krótka
You’re (we’re, they’re) writing.
He’s (she’s, it’s) writing.
The Past Progressive
I was writing.
INNE OSOBY:
You (we, they) were writing.
He (she, it) was writing.
The Future Progressive
I will be writing.
Forma krótka
I’ll be writing.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they, he, she, it) will be writing.
Forma krótka
You’ll be (we’ll be, they’ll be, he’ll be, she’ll be, it’ll be) writing.
Forma interrogatywna
The present Progressive
Am I writing?
INNE OSOBY
Are you (we, they) writing?
Is he (she, it) writing?
The past Progressive
Was I writing?
INNE OSOBY
Were you (we, they) writing?
Was he (she, it) writing?
The future Progressive
Will I be writing?
INNE OSOBY
Will you (we, they, he, she, it) be writing?
Forma przecząca
The Present Progressive
I am not writing.
Forma krótka
I’m not writing.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they) are not writing.
He (she, it) is not writing.
Forma krótka
You’re not (we’re not, they’re not) writing.
He’s not (she’s not, it’s not) writing.
Alternately
You (we, they) aren’t writing.
He (she, it) isn’t writing.
The Past Progressive
I was not writing.
Forma krótka
I wasn’t writing.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they) were not writing.
He (she, it) was not writing.
Forma krótka
You (we, they) weren’t writing.
He (she, it) wasn’t writing.
The Future Progressive
I will not be writing.
Forma krótka
I won’t be writing.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they, he, she, it) will not be writing.
Forma krótka
You (we, they, he, she, it) won’t be writing.
Forma przecząco-interrogatywna
The Present Progressive
Am I not writing?
(There is no standard Forma krótka;
there is only the colloquial form “ain’t”.)
INNE OSOBY
Are you (we, they) not writing?
Is he (she, it) not writing?
Forma krótka
Aren’t you (we, they) writing?
Isn’t he (she, it) writing?
The Past Progressive
Was I not writing?
Forma krótka
Wasn’t I writing?
INNE OSOBY
Were you (we, they) not writing?
Was he (she, it) not writing?
Forma krótka
Weren’t you (we, they) writing?
Wasn’t he (she, it) writing?
The Future Progressive
Will I not be writing?
Forma krótka
Won’t I be writing?
INNE OSOBY
Will you (we, they, he, she, it) not be writing?
Forma krótka
Won’t you (we, they, he, she, it) be writing?
Aspekt Perfect
Zmienna kognitywna {ON}
Forma afirmatywna
The Present Perfect
I have written.
Forma krótka
I’ve written.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they) have written.
He (she, it) has written.
Forma krótka
You’ve (we’ve, they’ve) written.
He’s (she’s, it’s) written.
The Past Perfect
I had written.
Forma krótka
I’d written.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they, he, she, it) had written.
Forma krótka
You ’d (we’d, they’d, he’d, she’d) written.
A form as *it’d has been little practiced, spoken or written;
it is phonologically cumbersome. We can always use the full form, as
It had written, showed, etc.
The Future Perfect
I will have written.
Forma krótka
I’ll have written.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they, he, she, it) will have written.
Forma krótka
You’ll have (we’ll have, they’ll have, he’ll have, she’ll have, it’ll have) written.
Forma interrogatywna
The Present Perfect
Have I written?
INNE OSOBY
Have you (we, they) written?
Has he (she, it) written?
The Past Perfect
Had I written?
INNE OSOBY
Had you (we, they, he, she, it) written?
The Future Perfect
Will I have written?
INNE OSOBY
Will you (we, they, he, she, it) have written?
Forma przecząca
The Present Perfect
I have not written.
Forma krótka
I haven’t written.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they) have not written.
He (she, it) has not written.
Forma krótka
You (we, they) haven’t written.
He (she, it) hasn’t written.
The Past Perfect
I had not written.
Forma krótka
I hadn’t written.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they, he, she, it) had not written.
Forma krótka
You (we, they, he, she, it) hadn’t written.
The Future Perfect
I will not have written.
Forma krótka
I won’t have written.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they, he, she, it) will not have written.
Forma krótka
You (we, they, he, she, it) won’t have written.
Forma przecząco-interrogatywna
The Present Perfect
Have I not written?
Forma krótka
Haven’t I written?
INNE OSOBY
Have you (we, they) not written?
Has he (she, it) not written?
Forma krótka
Haven’t you (we, they) written?
Hasn’t he (she, it) written?
The Past Perfect
Had I not written?
Forma krótka
Hadn’t I written?
INNE OSOBY
Had you (we, they, he, she, it) not written?
Forma krótka
Hadn’t you (we, they, he, she, it) written?
The Future Perfect
Will I not have written?
Forma krótka
Won’t I have written?
INNE OSOBY
Will you (we, they, he, she, it) not have written?
Forma krótka
Won’t you (we, they, he, she, it) have written?
Aspekt Perfect Progressive
Zmienna kognitywna {AT}
Forma afirmatywna
The Present Perfect Progressive
I have been writing.
Forma krótka
I’ ve been writing.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they) have been writing.
He (she, it) has been writing.
Forma krótka
You’ve been (we’ve been, they’ve been) writing.
He’s been (she’s been, it’s been) writing.
The Past Perfect Progressive
I had been writing.
Forma krótka
I’ d been writing.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they, he, she, it) had been writing.
Forma krótka
You’d been (we’d been, they’d been, he’d been, she’d been) writing.
As with the Perfect Simple pattern, no form as “it’d been” would have been practiced.
The Future Perfect Progressive
I will have been writing.
Forma krótka
I’ll have been writing.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they, he, she, it) will have been writing.
Forma krótka
You’ll have been (we’ll have been, they’ll have been, he’ll have been, she’ll have been, it’ll have been) writing.
Forma interrogatywna
The Present Perfect Progressive
Have I been writing?
INNE OSOBY
Have you (we, they) been writing?
Has he (she, it) been writing?
The Past Perfect Progressive
Had I been writing?
INNE OSOBY
Had you (we, they, he, she, it) been writing?
The Future Perfect Progressive
Will I have been writing?
INNE OSOBY
Will you (we, they, he, she, it) have been writing?
Forma przecząca
The Present Perfect Progressive
I have not been writing.
Forma krótka
I haven’t been writing.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they) have not been writing.
He (she, it) has not been writing.
Forma krótka
You (we, they) haven’t been writing.
He (she, it) hasn’t been writing.
The Past Perfect Progressive
I had not been writing.
Forma krótka
I hadn’t been writing.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they, he, she, it) had not been writing.
Forma krótka
You (we, they, he, she, it) hadn’t been writing.
The Future Perfect Progressive
I will not have been writing.
Forma krótka
I won’t have been writing.
INNE OSOBY
You (we, they, he, she, it) will not have been writing.
Forma krótka
You (we, they, he, she, it) won’t have been writing.
Forma przecząco-interrogatywna
The Present Perfect Progressive
Have I not been writing?
Forma krótka
Haven’t I been writing?
INNE OSOBY
Have you (we, they) not been writing?
Has he (she, it) not been writing?
Forma krótka
Haven’t you (we, they) been writing?
Hasn’t he (she, it) been writing?
The Past Perfect Progressive
Had I not been writing?
Forma krótka
Hadn’t I been writing?
INNE OSOBY
Had you (we, they, he, she, it) not been writing?
Forma krótka
Hadn’t you (we, they, he, she, it) been writing?
The Future Perfect Progressive
Will I not have been writing?
Forma krótka
Won’t I have been writing?
INNE OSOBY
Will you (we, they, he, she, it) not have been writing?
Forma krótka
Won’t you (we, they, he, she, it) have been writing?